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In Finland, a person must have a surname and can have up to three given names. Surnames are usually inherited patrilineally, while given names are usually chosen by a person's parents. Finnish names come from a variety of dissimilar traditions that were consolidated only in the early 20th century. The first national act on names came into force in 1921, and it made surnames mandatory. Between 1930 and 1985, the Western Finnish tradition whereby a married woman took her husband's surname was mandatory. Previously in Eastern Finland, this was not necessarily the case. Finnish given names are often of Christian origin (e.g., ''Jukka'' from Greek Johannes), but Finnish and Swedish origins are also common. In Finnish, the letter "j" denotes the approximant (:j), as in English ''you''. For example, the two different names ''Maria'' and ''Marja'' are pronounced nearly identically. The letter "y" denotes the vowel , not found in English, but similar to German "ü" and French "u". "R" is rolled. The stress is always on the first syllable in Finnish. For example, ''Yrjö Kääriäinen'' is pronounced (:ˈyrjø ˈkæːri.æinen). Double letters always stand for a geminate or longer sound (e.g., ''Marjaana'' has a stressed short (:ɑ) followed by an unstressed long (:ɑː)). Pronunciation of Swedish names is similar, but long vowels are not doubled and the stress may be on any syllable. Finland has a long bilingual history and it is not unusual for Finnish speakers to have Swedish surnames or given names. Such names may be pronounced according to Finland–Swedish phonology or, depending on the person named, the person speaking and the language used, a Fennicized variant. When writing Finnish names without the Finnish alphabet available (such as in e-mail addresses), the letters "ä" and "ö" are usually replaced with "a" and "o", respectively (e.g., ''Pääkkönen'' as ''Paakkonen''). This is not the same, but visually recognizable; since they are not linguistically umlauts, they cannot be substituted with "ae" and "oe" as in German. ==Surnames== Finland has three predominant surname traditions: the West Finnish, the East Finnish and that of the Swedish nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie and military. Until the early 20th century, Finland was a predominantly agrarian society and the names of West Finns were based on their association with a particular area, farm, or homestead (e.g., ''Jaakko Jussila'' ("Jaakko from the farm of Jussi")). Farm names typically had the suffix ''-la'' and could refer to the husband (like ''Jussila'') or describe the location (e.g., ''Isoaho'' "large clearing"). This name could change every time the person moved to a different farm. Also, even if one had a surname, one would still be better known by the farm name. Farm names, patronyms and village names could be used to disambiguate between different people, but they were not true inherited surnames. For example, in the novel Seven Brothers (Aleksis Kivi, 1870) the character ''Juhani'' was officially summoned as ''Juhani Juhanin-poika Jukola, Toukolan kylästä''; "Juhani, son of Juhani, from Jukola farm, Toukola village". On the other hand, the East Finnish surname tradition dates back to the 13th century. There, the Savonians pursued slash-and-burn agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person's lifetime. This in turn required the families to have surnames, which were in wide use among the common folk as early as the 13th century. By the mid-16th century, the East Finnish surnames had become hereditary. Typically, the oldest East Finnish surnames were formed from the first names of the patriarchs of the families (e.g., ''Ikävalko'', ''Termonen'', ''Pentikäinen''). In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, new names were most often formed by adding the place name of the former or current place of living (e.g., ''Puumalainen'' < Puumala). In the East Finnish tradition, women carried the family name of their fathers in female form (e.g., ''Puumalatar'' < ''Puumalainen''). By the 19th century, this practice fell into disuse due to the influence of West-European surname tradition. Also, women did not change their surnames with marriage. In 1921, surnames became compulsory for all Finns. At this point, if there was no surname, the homestead names were usually adopted as surnames. Because the inhabitants often included farmhands and other non-family, holders of the same surname are not necessarily genetically related. A typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes ''Ala-'' or ''Ali-'' (Sub-) or ''Ylä-'' (Up-), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation of the main holding (e.g., ''Yli-Ojanperä'', ''Ala-Verronen''). In Pohjanmaa, there are similar prefixes ''Rinta-'' "downstream" and ''Latva-'' "upriver". Common suffixes are ''-nen'' (in oblique form ''-se-''; e.g., Miettinen—Miettisen "Miettinen's"), a diminutive suffix usually meaning "small", and ''-la''/''-lä'', a locative suffix usually meaning "place of". The ''-nen'' suffix was freely interchanged with ''-son'' or ''-poika'' as late as the 16th century, but its meaning was ambiguous as it could refer not only to a "son", but any member of a patriarch's family, a farm or even a place. For example the surname Tuomonen could mean "Son of Tuomo"or "Farm of Tuomo" or something else belonging to Tuomo. A third tradition of surnames was introduced in Finland by the Swedish-speaking upper and middle classes which used typical German and Swedish surnames. By custom, all Finnish-speaking persons who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their Finnish name, adopting a Swedish, German or (in case of clergy) Latin surnames.〔E.g. Hormia, Y. (1941) (Säätyläisnimiä Pyhämaan ja Pyhärannan rahvaan keskuudessa ). Genos 12:13-17. . Retrieved 2015-10-13. 〕 In the case of enlisted soldiers, the new name was given regardless of the wishes of the individual. The oldest noble surnames of Swedish origin were not original, but were derived from the charges in the coat of arms, sigil and flag of the family, for example with ''Svärd'' (Swedish: "sword"), ''Kurki/Kurck'' (Finnish: "crane") and ''Kirves'' (Finnish: "axe").〔Antti Matikkala. Vapatietomuksesta ikonografiseen heraldiikkaan - vaakunoista, heraldiikasta ja niiden tutkimuksesta, in Henkilö- ja sukuvaakunat Suomessa, ed. Antti Vitikkala and Wilhelm Brummer.〕 Families of German origin would use the ''von'' suffix (e.g., ''von Wright''). In the late 19th and early 20th century, the overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of Fennicization caused a movement for adoption of Finnish surnames. At that time, many persons with a Swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a Finnish one. The features of nature with endings ''-o/ö'', ''-nen'' (''Meriö'' < ''meri'' "sea", ''Nieminen'' < ''niemi'' "peninsula") are typical of the names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of Swedish names (''Helleranta'' < ''Hällstrand'').〔The whole section is based on the article Paikkala, S. (Sukunimet sukututkimuksessa ). Retrieved 11-6-2007. 〕 Fennicizing one's name also concealed non-Finnish origin.〔(Sukunimien muutokset )〕 For example, Martti Ahtisaari's grandfather was ''Adolfsen'' from Norway. Nevertheless, Fennicization was not mandatory and thus it is common to find entirely Finnish-speaking families with Swedish surnames; having a Swedish name does not imply that one would speak Swedish. An effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. Missing an inherited surname, they invented one from scratch. Initially, these were in Swedish, and they were not very stable; people called them "superfluous names" (''liikanimi''), and a person could change one's surname several times during their career. Later, Finnish became the preferred language, and themes were taken from nature. Some of the most common examples of this type are ''Laine'' "wave", ''Vainio'' "field", ''Nurmi'' "grassland", and ''Salo'' "grove".〔(Nimiartikkelit )〕 When applicable, ''-nen'' or ''-la''/''-lä'' could be suffixed, such as in ''Koskinen'' "rapids + nen". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Finnish name」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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